- Devoicing of the voiced fricatives
Just like voiced plosives, when voiced fricatives (/v, ð, z, ʒ/) are in final position and followed by silence, they normally lose their voicing. Examples:
"your eyes" [jɔ:r' aɪz̥] ; "and breathe" [ənd ' bri:ð̥]
- Devoicing of the voiced affricate
Like voiced plosives and fricatives, when the voiced affricate /ʤ/ is in final positiond and followed by silence, it normally loses its devoicing.
- Allophones of nasal consonants
Variation of place of the alveolar nasal /n/
The alveolar nasal /n/ is affected by the consonant that follows it; it tends to take the place of articulation of the consonant that follows it. We have the following three allophones for this consonant:
/n/ followed by bilabial consonant: it becomes bilabial. Example: "in part" [ɪm ' pʰɑ·t]
/n/ followed by a velar consonant: it becomes velar. Example: "in coma" [ɪŋ ' kʰəʊmə]
/n/ followed by a dental consonant: it becomes dental. Example: "in theory" [in̪ ' θɪərɪ]
Syllabic n
Syllabic consonants occur only in unstressed syllables. In English, when the unstressed vowel schwa /ə/ is followed by /n/ in the same syllable, the vowel schwa is not heard, and the nasal consonant becomes syllabic. The symbol for this allophone of /n/ is [n̩]
Examples: "heaven" [' hevn̩] ; "mission" [ ' mɪʃn̩]
- Allophones of the lateral consonant /l/
The lateral phoneme in English has the following allophones:
Clear and Dark l
The /l/ in words like "lost" and "feel" sound different. The /l/ at the beginning of these words and the /l/ at the end of these words have a different sound. This is because the lateral phoneme is clear (alveolar) when followed by vocoid (vowel or /j/), and it is dark (velarized) in any other position. A clear l is represented with the symbol [l] and a dark l is represented with [ɬ]
Examples: "lost" [lɒst] ; "feel" [fi:ɬ]
Syllabic l
Syllabic consonants occur only in unstressed syllables. In English, when the unstressed vowel schwa is followed by /l in the same syllable, the vowel is not heard, and the lateral consonat becomes syllabic. The symbol for this allophone of /l/ is [l̩]
Examples: "Cattle" [kʰætɫ̩] ; "middle" [mɪ̃dɫ̩]
Devoicing of l
The lateral consonant is devoiced following a voiceless plosive in initial stressed position. This devoiced allophone of the lateral consonant is represented with the symbol [l̥]
Example: "clue" [kl̥u:]
- Allophones of approximant consonants
Devoicing of approximants
The approximants /r, j, w/ are devoiced following a voiceless plosive in initial stressed position. These devoiced approximants are represented with the symbols [ɹ̥, j̊, w̥]
Examples: "try" [tɹ̥ɑɪ] ; "queen" [kw̥i:n]
And that's it! This is all you need to know about the allophones. I hope this was easy for you! :-)
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